Appreciation 11

         Firstly, I want to express my grateful to Almighty God that I am given a good health to finish this second short coursework for Language Description subject. Thus, I can submit it on the deadline. I want to thank my beloved mother, Siti Bidah Binti Jusoh who always gives me the motivation and support in my studies.

        A profound gratitude to my Language Description lecturer, Mr. N.Baratithasan for his guidance and information about this short coursework. He had given the briefing in the class on how to do this coursework with details. This made my classmates and I understand and clear about it.

        Besides from that, I want to thank my friend, Wan Sufiyyah Wan Zulkipli who had helped me to find the best tale from the internet. Thanks also to all my friends and anyone who helped me in completing this coursework. I appreciate all good deeds from the person who helped me.

Appreciation 1

Thank you to PUAN JUNAIDAH BINTI KASSIM as ours lecturer or supervisor in English Language Proficiency (Academic). I am WAN NUR AZIMAH BINTI WAN HABIB, the student’s of Bahasa Melayu/Pandidikan Jasmani/Muzik Unit, would like to thanks Puan Junaidah for giving me enough time to complete this assignment. I had compeleted this assignment by Puan Junaidah’s guidance and my friends helps.

As this assignment is the foremost assignment for July 2007 intake for English Language Proficiency ( Academic ) subject, so I would like to asks Puan Junaidah’s generosity to examines my workout and guide me to overcome all the weaknesses that I have done. So I can improve my skills in future. Last but not least, I wish everybody who gives their hand throughout completing my asignment are always in pink of health. Thank you.   

Pollution

Pollution is means as ‘to make foul or unclean; dirty’. Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water.

Comprising over the seventy percents of the Earths surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.  Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.  Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.  In addition, to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes.  In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.

The pollution is also arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes. After that, many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphate. The      pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, wash off plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures.   When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.

As a conclusion, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a serious issue. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains.  These are just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution.

Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world’s environmental problems. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort.  In short, with the technology that currently  exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.

        As a conclusion, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a serious issue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem.  It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water.  We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don’t end up in sewage treatment plants that can’t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials.  In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters.

 Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains.  These are just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution.  As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution.  If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.

            Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world's environmental problems. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort.  In short, with the technology that currently
exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed

Appreciation 10

        First of all, I want to thank Almighty God that I am given a good health to finish up this short coursework within the given time and I can hand in it at the deadline. I want to express a lot of thanks to my beloved mother, Siti Bidah Binti Jusoh who always encourages me in my study and gives me the support in whatever I do.

          I want to express my gratitude to my Social Studies lecturers which are Miss Yeoh Hee Hee and Mr. Tarsame Singh for their information and guidance in finishing this coursework. All their learning taught and learning materials in the class had helped me a lot in doing this coursework. A lot of thanks to Miss Yeoh who already helped me to get the correct and best title for my critical essay that I worked on.

          Apart from that, I also want to thank to my friends that already helped me. They are Fatin Amirah Binti Mohd Hanapiah,Wan Sufiyyah Binti Wan Zulkipli, Arzeyani Binti Arshad and Ain Syuhada Binti Baharuddin .I very appreciate all their good deeds.

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Comparison between series circuit and parallel circui

Comparison between series circuit and parallel circuit

Series circuit	Parallel circuit
Same current at all point In a series circuit, the current has only one path to flow. The current leaving and returning the source is not lost. Therefore , in a series circuit, the current  is the same at all point, where: I = I1 = I2 = I3  X A                AAA X A  3 A31  11  I1                                   I3                        I2	Different current at different path In a parallel circuit, the current has more than one path to flow. The current from the source split into separate branches. Therefore  I = I1 +I2 + I3                   I                     I     I1    I2        I3 A31  11                                       X A31  11   A31  11 X   X                AAA

Resistance

Resistance is a feature of a material that determines the flow of electric charge.  When charges have been separated onto positive and negative “terminals”, and suddenly the two terminals are touched together, the charges will move very quickly to equalize the charge.  In this case, there will be a large spark which corresponds to a huge instantaneous current (transfer of charge over a very short time).  On the other hand, if the terminals are in a vacuum, no current will flow between them.  Any intermediate situation will give some intermediate current.  The “resistance” of a given piece of material placed between two terminals with difference in voltage V is defined as:  V = i * R¹, where i is the current which flows between the two terminals when the resistance R is connected.  R can always be defined in this way.  For other materials, R is nearly independent of temperature, the voltage across it, and the current through it.  Materials with variable resistance are fascinating both for their function and their construction.  If you go on to design electrical circuits you will work with such variable resistor components as diodes and transistors, or you might worry about the breakdown voltage of gases at which current starts to flow.  But in our lab today, we will start at the beginning with materials called “resistors”, for which the “resistance” R is independent of current and voltage.  That is, a graph of voltage vs current would be a straight line, with slope R.

Current

The flow of charge through a conductor is called the current and it is the rate at which electrical charges pass an observer’s station per unit time is called the electrical current.  We will not discuss conductors in depth here, but we will define a conductor as a material which allows charge to pass through it freely.  Since Voltage is work/unit charge and current is charge/unit time, we see that Voltage * Current is Work/time, which is power, or the rate at which work is done.  The utility company charges by the total work (or power * time).  You should know how much power an electrical device can use, and how much power your electrical power source provides, before connecting any device to an electrical power source.  Not knowing could lead to circumstance which are both dangerous and costly.

Voltage

          Macroscopic matter is made of atoms and molecules bound together by electrical forces.  The atoms are composed of electrically neutral neutrons, positively charged protons, and negatively charged electrons.  In batteries, and other sources of electrical power, positive and negative charges are separated usually by some mechanical process.  Since unlike charges attract each other, work must be done to separate them.  


           You probably have already studied conservation of (mechanical) work and energy in Newtonian mechanics.  Electrical energy is simply another form of energy, and what we have found is that all kinds of energy can change form, from one kind to another, but the total energy of an independent system is conserved.  Recall that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but changed from one form to another.  Under the right conditions, we can get back the work we put into separating the charges.  A source of electricity is rated by the “voltage”, or work per unit charge which could be recovered if a unit positive charge moved from the “positive” side of the battery or electricity source to the “negative” side.  (or, which is what usually happens, a unit negative charge moved from the “negative” side of the battery to its “positive” side).

DISCUSSION

In this part, we are going to discuss about the methods use in a few countries, what are the aims of each country and discover the importance of the early childhood education.

                      

The early childhood education programme varies between countries. Three countries which are Nigeria, United States and Malaysia are selected to compare their modus operandi of this programme. Before, in Nigeria, when a new baby was born, everyone in the family had a responsibility to educate the baby. Now, preschool programme has been created and developed by the non-government organisations and wealthy individuals all over Nigeria. It targeted on children aged three to five years old. It was also fully recognised by the government of Nigeria. As for the United States, it has numerous childhood education programmes but the most famous one is the Head Start Project. It focuses on the children age four to five. This programme is developed by nearly all sectors so that poor and impoverished families can get benefits from it. It focuses more on the social development and academic skills. Like Nigeria, Malaysia also adapted the preschool programme as the main childhood education system. It is run by the government itself. This programme is for children age four to six. Some other programmes are also available in Malaysia. This is to give parents choices based on what they felt best for their children.

The aims of these programmes vary in each country. As in Nigeria, the objectives are to provide enough care and protection for the children as parents are working. Social interaction is also instilled to create a good interpersonal skill. Furthermore, healthy lifestyle and values are also taught in preschool in Nigeria. This is similar to Malaysia which aims for the disciplinary and attitude side of the children. They will know how to read, write and count at the end of the programme. The Head Start Programme is initially created for the poor people so that they can get proper education and better schooling. It serves to provide not only education but also health and nutrition.

Basically, all early childhood education programme of all over the world enclose the same value that will be instilled and possessed by the children. At this stage, rate of development of the children’s brain are at peak where they started to build up words as they are in the process of learning how to speak. As the fact, most of their time is spent with their parents. By this way, they learn and slowly respond to any of their parents’ act. Moreover, childhood education is nothing about failure as they do not understand what does the meaning brings to them. The character building process will occur and they will follow the way their parents, people and environment mould them. If we stop them from learning, they maybe retarded in some ways. It may not show on the physical aspect but maybe on emotional development or intelligence aspect. Like people say, to nurture is from young. 

Early Childhood Education

Who?

Parents

Supported programmes

When?

From womb

Age 0 - 5/6

Why?

Rapid rate brain's development

 Begin self-identification process

What?

Language skills

Patterns

Family

Culture

How?

Parents teach at home

Send to either public or private programmes 

The Importance of Early Children Education

Parents play a crucial role to educate their young children. There are some importance and significance of children having early childhood education. The first one is that during age 0 to 5 or 6, the brain’s development of a child is at peak. During this period of time they can easily learn language skills and patterns. As most of their time was spend with their parents, they will see every action and hear words that came out from their parents. This resulted them to slowly follow and imitate the actions and words. Moreover, children begin their self-identification process at this stage where they are taught the value and meaning of home and what does family means to them. In addition, they also adapted any kind of culture that are taught and shown to them as well as the type of language use.

Cardiovascular Disease Report

Cardiovascular disease is disorder of the heart and blood circulation. These are the leading causes of death in the country.The most common disorder is hypertension and atherosclerosis. They affect blood circulation, which can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death among women and men in Europe. It accounts for almost half of all deaths in Europe causing over 4,35 million deaths each year in the 52 member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region and more than 1.9 million deaths each year.  Cardiovascular disease is also a major cause of disability and a reduced quality of life.In Malaysia the cardiovascular that is the most popular and well known for many years before and has become “The No.1” disease that killed people.Most of the victim are among the people who at the middle age that is 40 years old and above.

So far, cardiovascular disease is highly preventable. WHO estimates that modest population-wide and simultaneous reductions in blood pressure, obesity, cholesterol and tobacco use would more than halve cardiovascular disease incidence.

The well-known, main risk factors for cardiovascular disease are tobacco use and raised blood pressure and blood cholesterol, factors directly related to individual lifestyle and eating habits as well as physical activity levels. Other factors associated with cardiovascular disease include overweight and obesity, diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol consumption and psychosocial stress. Lacking of exercise and wrongly eating habit are factor that is very possible why the heart disease come to fatal and worse.

Age, for old people are prone to have this disease,including gender there are statics show male are higher getting the risk of getting cardiovascular disease.In this situation the person who are committed to get this disease should be more attention especially for their healthy life.By getting 40 years or older the person should be more responsible and keep obtaining a balanced diet.Besides having a good relationship between the family members and focus on having a good perception.

             Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is associated with a two to three-fold-increased risk of coronary heart disease in men and a four to five-fold increase in pre-menopausal women.

            The risk conferred by diabetes is independent of and additional to the other major risk factors,Smoking,Hypertension,Hyperlipidaemia,Microalbuminuria or proteinuria,Obesity, and adverse family history. So, all the person who know their relatives and friends are concerning to keep those bonding together.Sometimes we might feel the decision are not same, avoiding the situation and practising the correct way of life all will be stilled.

Ischemic Heart Disease is the technical term for obstruction of blood flow to the heart. In general this results because excess fat or plaque deposits are narrowing the veins that supply oxygenated blood to the heart. Excess buildup of fat or plaque is respectively termed arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Equally significant would be inadequate oxygen flow to the brain, which causes a stroke.

Angina pectoris if affected to a person, that  individual may not exhibit any symptoms under resting condition. Acute pain in the chest occurs during strenuous physical exercise or emotional stress. The narrowing coronary artery may supply sufficient oxygen and nutrient laden blood to the cardiac muscles during normal activities but is unable to supply adequate blood needed for increased activities.

Hypertension is occurred  when blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted on the walls of the blood vessels.Arterial blood pressure is the highest during ventricular systole and lowest during diastole.It result from gradual increase in the resistance to blood flow through the arteries.This may be due to the narrowing of the artery lumen and reduced elasticity.The heart has to pump harder to force the blood through.Overtime, blood pressure is 120(systolic/80diastolic)mm Hg.However  for a person who has hypertensi, gives measurement of blood pressure ≥140 (systolic/90diastolic) mm Hg and reading of 160/95 is considered dangerous.

Arteriosclerosis refer to a group of cardiovascular disorders that have in common, the thickenig ,hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.There are three  main forms of arteriosclorisis (usually characterised by the formotion of atheromatous plaque).Monckeberg’s medical clacific sclerosis (clacification of the media layer of muscular arteris).Arteriolosclerosis (proliferative or hyaline thickening of the wall of small arteries and arterioles) .

An acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a set of signs and symptoms (syndrome) related to the heart. ACS is compatible with a diagnosis of acute myocardial ischemia, but it is not pathognomonic.

The subtypes of acute coronary syndrome include unstable angina and two forms of myocardial infarction , in which heart muscle is damaged. ACS should be distinguished from stable angina, which develops during exertion and resolves at rest. In contrast with stable angina, unstable angina occurs suddenly, often at rest or with minimal exertion, or at lesser degrees of exertion than the individual's previous angina ("crescendo angina"). New onset angina is also considered unstable angina, since it suggests a new problem in a coronary artery.

Though ACS is usually associated with coronary thrombosis, it can also be associated with cocaine use. Cardiac chest pain can also be precipitated by anemia, bradycardias (excessively slow heart rate) or tachycardias (excessively fast heart rate)

Heart attack, as the coronary artery becomes more blocked, there is insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle. That region of the muscle dies resulting in a heart attack. If only small area of muscle dies, the person can recover. However, extensive cardiac muscle damage can cause death.

Infection of the heart, carditis and endocarditis, is an additional complication that can occur as a result of a weak immune system, liver problems, heart surgery, or from an autoimmune disorder like rheumatic fever. Endocarditis is quite common in persons with compromised immune systems from HIV or AIDS. If not appropriately handled, permanent heart muscle damage can occur from the infect

High Blood Pressure (hypertension) often results from this excess fat or plaque buildup because of the extra effort it takes to circulate blood. Even though the heart works harder, blockages still shortchange the needed blood supply to all areas of the body. The body's amazing survival systems will mask the subtle damage that is occurring from this extra wear and tear, but not forever. High blood pressure is called "The Silent Killer" because the first warning sign is an angina attack or a deadly heart attack or a stroke.

A prevention can be takes, by applying a balanced diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol, sufficient anti-oxidant vitamins (A,C and E),fruits ,green leafy vegetable and soluble fibres may be protective against cardiovascular disease.Eating the fruits and vegetable are good for our digestion system.For example to avoid been getting constipation the person should eats more fruits to prevent the problem.The correct eat  habit are eat when we feel hungry and do not eat more than we should.

Vitamin B6, B12 and folic acid help to prevent an elevated level of homocysteine in the blood and decrease the risk of atherosclerosis, blood clots in vessels and strokes.Usually to take abalanced vitamins we can also eats supplement or other herbs, this is because natural herbs and other can be used.But certain need to be investigate before eat the natural herbs or medicine.

Regular moderate exercise, maintaining a proper weight and not smoking helps to reduce hypertension and the occurrence of heart attacks.Exercise such as jogging can relese our tension and also improve our cardiovascular stamina.So when we can obtain more stamina, every works that we do can be done easily and we can also improve our heart circulation.besides jogging we can also play badminton or walk around the place that we lived.For more cheaper we can still used bicycle or running around.

A treatment can be taken especially medical treatment such as the use of drugs for example beta blocking drugs (antihypertensive drug).t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator, to dissolve blood clots) and drugs to lower blood cholesterol level.Although we take medicine from the hospital we must also,keep away the unhealthy lifestyle before we are becoming the victim of it.

Balloon angioplasty and coronary bypass operation are also available to control cardiovascular disease. This operation and process is actually successful but certain time it can also cause danger to the person and the patient. the risk that they may encounter.

A heart transplant may be advice for a badly damage heart and where all other treatment are unsuccessful .However demand greatly exceeds the availability of donor hearts. I the person get unsuitable donor the person can suffer from the wrong heart donor. Sometimes when the donor is not suitable, the patient must wait until they meet the suitable donor.

Pollination

Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby cause fertilisation and sexual reproduction. The pollen grains, which contain the male gametes (sperm) attached to  the female gamete(s) that are contained in  the carpel; in gymnosperms the pollen is directly applied to the ovule itself. Pollination is a important process in the reproduction of flowering plants, resulting in the production of offspring that are genetically diverse.

Type of pollination

•Abiotic pollination(self pollination)

•pollination is mediated without the involvement of other organisms

Biotic pollination(using pollinating agent)

•requires pollinators: organisms that carry or move the pollen grains from the anther to the receptive part of the carpel or pistil